How People with Disabilities Are Viewed and Treated Essay Example for Free

How People with Disabilities Are Viewed and Treated Essay We live in a society where people are judged for who they are and if they seem to have any type of flaws those flaws tend to make up who the person is. People with disabilities shouldn’t be judged by their disabilities. Our society has come a long way in accepting people with disabilities but we still have more to accomplish seeing as the harsh judgment still exists. We need to be able to live in a society where people do not judge, can accept others for who they are and help others who may need some assistance or guidance do to a disability, especially children. They are our society’s future. Just because they are disabled doesn’t mean they are not a part of the whole or that they cannot possibly make a positive difference in the world. As the author of the article, â€Å"A Child with Down Syndrome Keeps His Place at the Table† points out that we have made a lot of progress for children with Down syndrome in the United States. Most of that progress he points out is their rights to go to school. They have progressed from just being recognized as needing to be â€Å"somewhere special†, a place of horrific mistreatment. Such a place was exposed in a hidden camera documentary filmed by Geraldo Rivera in 1972 for severe neglect and mistreatment of the residence that all had some sort of disability. This place was Willow Brook State School and was located on Staten Island. His exposer of this school was a small part in a large change where advocates for the disabled, committed parents, as well as others fought for the rights that are presently in place today. Even with the many advances in society there still remains open bigotry though not as much. Though most are discrete and not as straight forward the hostile judgment is still there. The word â€Å"retard† is used in school yards between students and in movies but is not seen so much today as bigotry but as just being a bit â€Å"edgy†. Why as a society do we feel the need to dehumanize one another? Our society makes it very difficult for anyone with a disability to function freely in their own lives and to live without criticism. The author asks the question, â€Å"What is it about intellectual disabilities we find so difficult? † The focus of these disabilities tends to be on the positive qualities such as being â€Å"cute† or â€Å"happy† or â€Å"sweet†. This is meant to compensate for the disability. I see it as singling out a person because of their disability and using it as a way to make the disability easier to deal with and as a way to handle being around the person. I see this as being a bit degrading and selfish even. I believe that our society has come a long way in being able to accept people with disabilities. I also believe that we still have a ways to go. I have seen the good and the not so good in the way children with Down syndrome are accepted and/or treated because my niece Barbara has Down syndrome. Barbara does not speak but her school has been wonderful in teaching her to communicate using sign language over the years and recently started using a speech generating device. The device is to recognize the words she is saying and the words she is trying to say. The medical and educational treatment for children with Down syndrome has really improved over the years even just since the case at Willow Brook State School. Sadly, there are still reports of abuse in state owned homes and hospitals for disabled individuals. I am sure that there are places that have cases of abuse that have not been reported. Sometimes people just ignore what is going on because they fear they may lose their job. With the advances in mental health care less people have to send their children in to homes or hospitals. They are able to keep their children at home and receive in home care and mobile therapy. The schools offer extra help for these children so that they are able to be more focused on to get all the help that they need. The schools also offer special outings and activities that are helpful in their education and to give them more of an opportunity to interact with their classmates. The author of the article points out that he is a parent of a child with Down syndrome. With the subject being very personal to him he does not sound angry with the way the people in the restaurant were treated. He doesn’t seem to be judgmental in anyway. He simply points out what happened and mentions facts relating to the situation. He does offer his opinion that the waiter in the story did the right thing in speaking out and standing up for the boy. Even though the waiter could have lost his job for speaking out, he still did. I believe that the waiter did do the right thing and as the author pointed out, by speaking out for the child it shows that society has grown to accepting people disabilities and that they even have compassion for them. Should the waiter be considered a hero for standing up for someone who is being pointed out publicly for their disability? The author asks the same question. Personally, I don’t know if I can think of the act as heroic. I do believe as well that it was most definitely the right thing to do and it did take courage to say something knowing there was a risk of being fired. I am very curious to know if the waiter’s boss was aware of the situation and if so what was their opinion on what happened? The author did not mention that in the story. I think it would have been important to point out if the boss was sympathetic toward the child and his family or if they agreed with the customer who made the remark. I find it very inspiring that despite the harsh words and uneducated thoughts people express toward people with disabilities, the people with the disability usually do not judge in return. They clearly see the meanness coming from another person and they don’t have it in them to hold hard feelings. I wish we were all able to have such open and caring hearts. Why do we have such a selective view of things? Why do we have to be afraid of the things that are not â€Å"normal† to us? Having a disability does not make you less of a person. Having a disability means that you may have to work harder to do something’s that seems to come easily to anyone else. No person will ever be â€Å"perfect† so there is no reason for society to push the idea that anyone can be. We are all flawed in one way or another. Our flaws are what make us unique and make up who we are. The author pointed out that the child being in the restaurant made a statement that he was someone’s child. I don’t think we should have to explain or point out anything. The boy and his family should have been able to walk in to the restaurant and sit down and enjoy their meal peacefully, as the man who made the remark would expect to happen for his self or anyone he may have been seated with. If the boy became loud and disruptive then that should have been the issue not the simple fact that he was there and looked â€Å"different†. We live in a very intelligent world filled with many advances in technology yet we are not educated enough nor advanced enough to get along with one another. I think there should be more programs in schools to teach children more about life and basic lessons on being humane. The schools should have classes with specific lessons on mental health and disabilities. If children are more familiar with these types of things they may be more accepting and less judgmental. For some reason we tend to fear the unknown and are not always equipped with how to deal with our fears. With having so many issues today with bullying in schools it should be mandatory to have classes educating children on how to treat people, especially people with disabilities and teach them it is not acceptable. I think being aware bigotry still exists and educating on the issue would make a big difference in getting us closer to a more accepting society.

An Ethical Dilemna Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

An Ethical Dilemna After three years with the company, Sandy was promoted to assistant plant manager. This was a big step for Unity Welding and Construction, as well as for the industry; Sandy was one of only a handful of women who had broken through the â€Å"glass ceiling† and made their way into management. She had proved to the men around her that she deserved the job, and she was now being toasted by assistant managers from other plants across the country John, her boss, had been her advocate with the company. He had personally lobbied upper management in her behalf. Unity Welding and Construction is a national firm with twenty fabrication plants, primarily in the South. The company does contract work for other companies that require welding or fabrication of metals into items used in the construction of aircraft, ships, bridges, and component parts for consumer durables. Each plant caters to specific industries. Sandy’s plant produces parts primarily for the automotive industry and is located in Arizona. Arizona is perfect for Sandy because of her acute asthma problems. As a teenager, she once visited relatives in Atlanta and had to be hospitalized because of her reactions to the different plants and foliage. Sandy’s doctor told her at the time that she would have fewer problems with her asthma if she resided in one of the arid regions of the United States. Six months had passed since Sandy’s promotion, and her first performance rating from John was excellent. John told her that if she continued this type of performance, she would probably be a plant manager in three to six years. Sandy developed some innovative ways to increase productivity during her six months on the job. For example, she successfully implemented a â€Å"team concept,† which gave responsibility for certain projects to the workers on the plant floor. She offered incentives if they could decrease job times and increase profitability. John gave Sandy his full support, and the pro-gram was working well. Worker salaries on these special projects jumped from an average of $15 per hour to $24 per hour, yet the company’s bottom line continued to improve. Workers in the plant began competing to get on special projects. With the increasing competition, Sandy noticed that the workers were starting to cut corners. Minor worker injuries began to increase, and Sandy was concerned about how... ...or. Sandy cannot modify the quality control statistics even if it means she will loose her job, and she cannot overlook the workers disposing of toxic waste improperly. Even if this means that she will be one of many, loosing their jobs. As a Rule Utilitarian Sandy cannot forget about OSHA or the EPA. She will tell John that she cannot change the information on company documents because it is unethical. Sandy will do what is morally right, even if it means she will lose her job and her health insurance along with many other employees. Looking at these various outcomes from just one dilemma shows how differently a situation can turn out because of someone’s ethical and moral philosophies. We all must make ethical decisions, and some decisions are much harder to decide then others because of what is at stake. By looking at these different philosophies, I was not trying to judge or decide what is morally right or morally wrong, instead I was just trying to bring to light how a decision can have an effect on everyone around them. Bibliography: Farrell, O. C., & Fraedrich, J. (1997). Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company

Bmx Cycle Solutions

Question # 1 What business is LCI in? What are the key success factors? How operations can contribute? LCI BUSINESS: LCI was founded in 1994 by Mr. Sheikh Ubaidullah, a Former Chairman of Pakistan Cycle Cooperative Society Limited. LCI is located at Ferozpur Road, eighteen miles south of Lahore Pakistan. LCI marketed its bicycles under the brand name of Leader bicycles. LCI was in bad shape and financially bankrupt , all shops run by one supervisors , its production was practically zero when Managing director at Descon Mr. Razaq Dawood acquired LCI in June 1999. He hired new 6 engineers since 1999 in following departments like production planning, production scheduling, inventory control and quality control to set up all the necessary systems and procedures in order to turn LCI around. In May 2002 Five bicycles –manufacturing companies (competitors) existed in market, combined capacity of these companies producing bicycles were 580,000bicyles per annum, and all were running at or near capacity, the competition was very tough. Up to May 2002. LCI was producing 60,000 bicycles/annum, in May 2002, LCI started producing manufacturing its new product named BMX cycles, for betterment in this new product, after a year-long negotiation with Hercules of England, Decscon acquired from them the manufacturing and technology right, in Pakistan, for the very popular BMX cycle, Hercules also agreed to send engineers to Lahore for ten-week periods in order to help in set up the plant, tooling and train the staff. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS: * Senior Management of LCI wanted to introduce the BMX Cycle in market before competitors, and Mr. Mansoor Waraich, Senior Planning Engineer, had a lot of pressure by the top management of LCI to complete this huge production of BMX Cycles. That massive production was carefully planned and all the processes where closely monitored and upgraded. * Mr. Razaq Dawood, Managing Director, of Descon, took over the LCI in very bad shape , and he set up all necessary systems and procedures like production planning, production scheduling, inventory control and quality control in order to turn LCI around , it is also a factor of the success of LCI * Another key success factor was that Descon called Hercules of England engineers to train LCI’s staff. LCI’s staff can also go to England for the same training for a specific period. OPERATIONS CONTRIBUTION: LCI is a Production Company so operations plays very important role. Outsourcing and subcontracting of different raw materials is done for the better result of operations. All the plants structure was designed in a way so that they can minimize the wastage and can maximize the production. Manpower was also assigned according to their expertise and labor was hired on daily wage system. Question # 2 What is your Analysis of the BMX production process? How would you characterize this process? ANALYSIS OF BMX PRODUCTION PROCESS: BMX production process is almost in sequence, all processes depends on each other, if one process is skipped then they cannot complete other part of cycle, in other wards they cannot ignore only a single process, As LCI wanted to introduce BMX in market before competitors and management wanted to produce huge quantity of BMX cycles so LCI purchased different finished parts for BMX cycles from several suppliers, like, seats , pedals, handle bars, frame pads, and tires were directly purchased and installed , but other side , several parts, like sheet metal, metal coils, steel bars and pipes were manufactured from raw materials acquired locally and abroad. Management hired permanent and daily paid labor in all shops to complete tasks efficiently and in timely, this planning was proved very helpful to complete huge production. First process is cutting shop: This shop having 3 machines for cutting metal pipes into different lengths to use prepare bottom bracket shell, frames and handle bar, this shop run under one supervisor and 4 full time employees Second process is Bottom bracket shell shop: This Shop contained three 600 tons processes and 6 presses ranging from 60 to 100 tons, heavy parts of bicycle like BB shell were manufactured in this shop , this shop run under supervision of one supervisor and 4 full time employees. Handle Shop: BMX bicycle handles were manufactured at this shop completely, a specific machine automatically bent the placed pipe in a few seconds into appropriate configuration and cut the handle bars to length and knurled. These Knurled to help retain the handle bar grip. BMX enameling and Phosphating Shop: All parts of bicycle were enameling and phasphating, phaspating treatment enabled the steel surface to retain the enameled paint for a long time and provide a durable finish, all partes were placed on jigs and hang on a conveyer, this conveyer passed through a drying oven at a speed allowing each part to be baked at 1500C for approximately 50 minutes. Rim Shop; Bicycle Rims contained at this shop, One mm thick and 83 mm wide metal coils required to prepare rim and these rims imported from barazil or Japan, then front end coil was welded with back end coils and finally, the rims was bent into a required radius and cut after buffing and polishing. Press Shop: A specific machine at press shop for grinding and buffing the parts of rims and two ends of strips had been welded together Saddle, Brake and Hub Shop: Hubs and saddle for BMX cycle were assembled at this shop, loop clips of were manufactured at LCI , other parts like saddle frames and saddle covers were procured by vender and assembled manually at other end of same shop. Machine Shop: Four production lathes like a grinding machine, a milling machine and four drilling machines are contained at this shop, some parts of BMX cycle check-nut, lock-nut and wheel valve produced in machine shop, this machine was operating 50% of its capacity Electroplating Shop: Some parts of BMX like Hub flanges, steel rims , lamp brackets, spanners and chain wheels electroplate at this shop, this machine have limited equipment capacity so double shift running six days per week for electroplating. BMX Welding line: This shop have 5 welding stations and a mitering machine , different parts of cycle welded and metering machine give a smooth curve at the ends of tubes (pipes) once this machine was set then all tubes automatically mitered the tube. Final Assembly Area: This area have 6 work stations, fitting machine and an assembly track conveyor, all manufactured parts of BMX cycle assemble on these 6 stations, finally all the assemblies and accessory packets were packed in a cardboard carton for delivery. Characteristics, All shops worked very efficiently and all work stations busy to prepare assigned parts on same time so it’s very helpful to produce huge production, management took decisions for daily paid and monthly paid employees, and paid them attractive salary. Question # 3 Given the investment in BMX cycle manufacturing line, what is the payback period? Each bicycle Price = 2400 Gross margin = 8. 3% Profit margin for each bicycle = 2400 x 8. 3% = 199. 2 Production Capacity = 60,000 Profit margin for 60,000 bicycles are = 199. 2 x 60000 = 11952000 Payback on gross margin = 2 Years & 2 Months Question # 4 Assume the enameling plant capacity is 3000 bicycles per month, as senior planning Engineer, what alternatives are available to increase BMX cycle production? As per upper management’s drive to expand operations, a ten year old enameling unit that was purchased for Rs 3 Million in 1999. In order to increase production LCI in addition to subcontracted enameling should start in house production in parallel by utilizing the unit purchased. It may have to invest on up-gradation of the unit as required to meet the current production standards. Company purchased enameling machine but they did not use it, because outsourcing and subcontracting was present in LCI’s tradition so upper management should change it and it’s better to utilize enameling machine, bring it in use, so BMX production will definitely be increased. Question # 5 What is your recommendation and why? Following are the Recommendations and the reasons LCI should do some forecasting for identifying the real need of their product in the market, * They should give advertisement though email, news paper and web TV add etc, * They should do SWOT analysis of their o wn company and their competitors. * They should improve their weaknesses, and they should produce bicycle for elders * They should hire some vender for parts of BMX so it is suggested that they should arrange of those machines at their company, it’s also saving the cost and time. * For sustaining the market position more innovation is required, the designs of bicycles should be upgraded and changed to attract the customers towards the product.

Final Financial Analysis - 1863 Words

Final Financial Analysis Axia College University of Phoenix Financial Analysis is very important to the inner workings of a business. Keep track of financial statements, taxes, audits, and various other areas of financials will show how well a company has done, is doing, and how well it will do in the future. Seeing how well a company is doing into the future is important so they can see any mistakes and try to fix them before they become an issue and hinder the growth of the company. In this essay I will compare financial statements in two companies, PepsiCo. and Coca Cola Company. I will describe what vertical and horizontal analysis is then I will go over the vertical analysis of both companies, comparing one to the other. I will†¦show more content†¦These are the current ratio, the acid test, a receivables turnover, and the inventory turnover. I will perform and show the testing of the current ratio for the PepsiCo. and Coca Cola company for the year 2005. The Current Ratio for PepsiCo. Inc. 2005 Current Assets 10,454 divided by Current Liabilities 9,406 = 1.11 So the current ratio is: Current assets are 111% of current liabilities. Current Ratio for Coca-Cola Company 2005 Current Assets 10,250 divided by Current Liabilities 9,836 = 1.04 So the current ratio is: Current assets are 104% of current liabilities. The Solvency Ratio measures the ability of a company to survive over a long period of time (2010). This is important to investors, lean holders, and long term creditors. There are two ways of figuring out how to perform a solvency ratio test for a company, one is the debt to total assets ratio, another is the times interest earned. I will perform the debt to total assets ratio for both company’s. This is done by dividing the total debt by the total assets. Debt to Total Assets Ratio for PepsiCo. for 2005 Total Debt 17,476 divided by Total Assets 21,727 = .5508 = 55.1% So the Total Assets to Ratio for PepsiCo. for the year 2005 is 55.1% Debt to Total Assets Ratio for Coca Cola Company for 2005 Total DebtShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis Xacc280 Final Project1784 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial Analysis/ Final Project XACC/280 Eden Lord Financial Analysis, Final Project Based upon my knowledge learned on financial reporting, I had compared to companies reporting statistics. The two companies in comparison are PepsiCo Incorperated and The Coca-Cola Company in which both have reported annual statistics for 2004 and 2005. 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Effects Of The Civil War On American Politics Essay

Despite taking place 150 years ago, the Civil War is still an event that weighs heavily on America’s conscious. The effects of the Civil War continue to alter American politics, and daily life. Many southerners still feel ill will towards the North, terming the war, â€Å"The War of Northern Aggression†, and recalling fondly their â€Å"Lost Cause†. Battles over states’ rights and the power of the Federal Government continue on, forming the ideological bases of our main political parties. A war was fought between neighbors, brothers, and former countrymen, something that our country had not endured before, or has since. The rift that was created between opposing sects in the country was not one that could be swiftly remedied. The war’s end did not preclude immediate reconciliation, as Reconstruction was a long and arduous process that was not done to perfection. Recently, there has been controversy over the use of the Confederate flag, as people are trying to reconcile honoring their heritage, while still understanding what that heritage stood for. The war provided our politicians with a model of how a President should act, giving us possibly our finest Commander in Chief. The Civil War has remained so compelling to Americans because of its unique nature, how its history should be viewed, and the historical impact of the war’s famous actors. The idea of the â€Å"Lost Cause of the Confederacy† is one that has informed many aspects of southern life in the years succeeding the Civil War.Show MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Civil War1556 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships. In American history, religion has made a significant impact. When race joined in, the impact led to shaping America’s political development. Mark A. 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The Northern states of America decided that they would no longer tolerate the Southern states treating African Americans as slaves because of the color of their skin. When disputes were brought up over this issue between the North and South, the South was too persistent to have slaves. They worried that the North would be successful in

Global Warming Is A Real Problem Essay - 1645 Words

Climate change is something everyone in the world should work to make bigger priority. Human beings do not realize that living the way they want, instead of the way they should, is actually damaging the planet and its climate. The main thing being changed by the people that inhabit the earth is the earth’s atmosphere. Our earth is comparable to that of a giant greenhouse, in which the earth’s atmosphere is comparable to that of the glass surroundings of an actual greenhouse. Greenhouse Gases are what trap the suns heat along the surface of the earth to keep us warm at night. â€Å"Ninety-seven percent of climate scientists agree that humans have changed the earth’s atmosphere in dramatic ways over the past two centuries, resulting in global warming†. (What is the Greenhouse Effect?) Global warming is a real problem, and it has real consequences. The slow increase in the earth’s temperature is called global warming. It is my opinion that this is beca use of the way people all over the earth go about their daily living. Global warming and climate change can be eliminated by upgrading building infrastructures over a period of time. Stopping the use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas will also have a huge impact on reducing global warming and climate change. Deforestation is also aiding in the destruction of our planet by destroying millions of acres of land a year, and leaving the earth gasping for more air. Despite the bleak outlook of our children’s children future,Show MoreRelatedGlobal Warming Is A Real Problem1796 Words   |  8 PagesClimate Change is an important topic that everyone should be well versed on. Global warming was denied as being a real problem for many years, but the proof cannot be hidden anymore and countries around the world are acknowledging that global warming does exist. 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Product Stewardship and Integrity Resilience Growth

Question: Discuss about the Product Stewardship and Integrity Resilience Growth. Answer: Introduction: A multinational company can be defined as company, which has its operations in a range of different countries or nations. BHP Billiton is one of such multinational companies as it has a number of locations as its operational points; and it is stated as being the biggest global resource companies in the country. Furthermore, it is also amongst the global leaders. The company works on production of different commodities, some of which include energy, manganese, copper, coal, aluminum, nickel, and silver. The number of people employed by BHP Billiton stands at 100.000 individuals, which form a sum of both contractors, as well as, the employees. This huge database of individuals helps in attaining new heights for it (Business Review Australia, 2013). The companys success is because of consistent strategies which have proved their worth, and the unique manner in which it works, which distinguishes it from the others (BHP Billiton, 2016a). The company works in the mining and metals industry and is also an Anglo-Australian multinational company (Mining Global, 2015). BHP Billiton was born in New South Wales small abandoned mining town, Broken Hill. Through an amalgamation of Anglo Dutch Billion plc and Australian Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited in the year of 2001, and this gave it its present identity (Thompson and Macklin, 2010). At two places, the company is listed. Its UK registered part is listed on the London Stock Exchange. The company is amongst the FTSE 100 Index as a result of being listed there (FTSE, 2015). The company has takes pride in being listed at the Australian Securities Exchange, for its Australian registered part (Dick and Merrett, 2007). The company operates in both America and also in Australia. BHP Billitons global headquarters are situated in Australia. The lead point of its sales and marketing team is at Singapore and at United States Houston (BHP Billiton, 2017a). The address of this location can be easily found, and the same is 171 Collins St, Melbourne CBD, Australia (Norman Disney Young, 2013). For the year of 2016, the company proudly employed 26,827 employees and this figure depicts its workforce in Australia alone. Though, the employees from such entities which are under the control of BHP Billiton or its subsidiaries are included in this count (IBIS, 2016). Internationally, including the count of its employees, as well as, the contractors, the company shows a workforce to the number of 65,000 (BHP Billiton, 2017). Regulatory Framework Through the previous part the location of the global headquarters of the company was highlighted. This depicts that the company has its operations in Australia. As a result of this, the Australian regulatory framework, in form of certain codes, or different legislation and their supporting regulations become applicable on it. A few of these have been covered below. The previous part aptly highlighted the strength of BHP Billiton is in its huge strength of human resource. This human resource demands that it is provided with a safe working environment, which is safe for their working. To ensure this particular point of its human resource, for its operations in Victoria, the company follows a range of regulatory framework pertaining to the health and safety of the workforce. However for the other jurisdictions, it follows the ones which are applicable in such jurisdiction. So, for Tasmania, Western Australia, or South Australia, the company has to abide by the health and safety regulations of these states. Some of the regulatory framework which is applicable on the company, for its operations in Victoria, includes Vic Compliance Codes, the Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007, and Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004. To ensure that the company follows the provisions in its true sense, the applicability of these regulatory frameworks is regulated, for Victoria, by the Work Safe Australia (Business, 2017a). Each and every company in Australia, until the same has been particularly exempted, has to adhere to the provisions contained in the Corporations Act, 2001, which is an act of the Commonwealth. This particular act puts forward an obligation on the directors of the company to prevent any such trading which could result in the insolvency of the company; to act in good faith; the proper use of information of the company, the naming of the company; and various other provisions. In short, this act as the guiding document for all of the companies in the nation. Due to the applicability of this particular act, the company is required to make certain specific disclosures each year in its Annual Reports. For the last year, i.e., the year of 2016, BHP Billiton had to declare in this report that the company did not bring out, or no one on its behalf brought about any proceedings as per this acts section 237. Section 299(1) provides that the details of fines, which have been levied on the compan y, have to be declared in its annual report and the same was done by the company, when it declared that a fine to the value of US $60,609 was levied on it (BHP Billiton, 2016b). The industry in which a particular company runs its business, also results in the applicability of a range of frameworks. BHP Billiton, as was stated earlier, works in the mining industry. Mining has a direct impact over the environment, and so the mining industry companies are required to strictly follow the acts to the line of Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, or the statutory legislations like the Environment Protection Act 1970, as the provisions of these acts ensure that the environment is maintained while carrying the mining activities (Business, 2017b). Apart from these acts, the jurisdiction in the nation, as was seen in the case of health and safety framework, also require the adherence to certain legislations. So, the company follows the Mineral Resources Development Act 1990 for its operations in Victoria and Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991, as well as, Mining Act 1992, for its operations in New South Wales (Chambers, 2013). The company, before it can begin its mining operations, has to enter into a State Agreement, which contains all the activities or phases of the mining activity. For the individual stages, the company has to get a hold of certain leases and licenses, for its operations in the nation. These include the Mining and general purpose leases, and the licenses for retention, exploration, prospecting or miscellaneous activities (Chambers, 2013). Treaties, Conventions or Agreements As has been the purpose of this whole study, a multinational company works in different nations. So, as for each of the jurisdictions in Australia, BHP is required to follow a range of different norms, in the same manner, for having its business in different nations, it has to follow the agreements, treaties or conventions which become applicable on the company, due to its worldwide presence. Some of such applicable norms have been covered in the ensuing parts. In the previous segment, it was highlighted how the human resource is the strength of BHP Billiton. Humans have to be treated with dignity and respect. And to deal with this particular aspect, the company makes certain attempts towards both the realization and the respecting of human rights. Recognizing the significance of this aspect, the company abides by the provisions given by the United Nations, i.e., the UN, in its Universal Declaration of Human Rights. There are other frameworks given by the UN, which are also followed by BHP Billiton, and these are the 10 UN Global Compact principles, along with the United Nations in its Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Even though, these are not directly applied by the company, but their reflection can be noticed in the companys Code of Business. A Sustainability Committee Board has been adopted by the company, which monitors the performance of human rights with the company. This particular board ensures that the HSEC, i.e., the health , safety, environment and community connected performance of the company, is monitored properly (BHP Billiton, 2016b). The company took its way out from the OTML (Ok Tedi Mining Limited) in the year of 2002. For this, there was a transfer of shares to the PNGSDP (PNG Sustainable Development Program Limited) for the shares which were held by the company in OTML. This was accompanied by taking a way out from the statutory undertaking through which the company was protected by any such claims which could be raised by PNGP (Papua New Guinea Parliament) pertaining to the environment. When the PNHP acquired the shares, in September 2013, which were held by the PNSHDP in OTML, the exit arranged was modified/ amended and along with this the guarantee was also repeated. Upon a challenge being raised to the validity of these particular actions, the company was successful in securing the indemnity. The company made a promise in the direction of making certain that the long term funds held by PNGSDP would be governed properly, for the use of the PNGPs people. This particular agreement and its resulting arrangeme nt could be seen in its financial position, as the same proved as a costly affair for BHP Billiton (BHP Billiton, 2016b). The company has been criticized, time and again for the impact of its mining operations over the environment. And the criticism is not within the walls of this nation, but abroad also. A claim was raised against the company and two other participants in the last parts of 2015, by the Federal Government of Brazil, along with other institutes and people and the amount of claims was as high as R$20 billion. To deal with the same, the company formulated an agreement with the other parties, so that the environment and the affected community, as a result of the dam failure, could be properly restored (BHP Billiton, 2016b). In part of its tax treaties, the company has signed the Australian Tax Treaty, which helps in avoiding the double taxation. This particular treaty has been created between the US and Australia. Hence, the applicability of this particular treaty helps in avoiding the 30% taxes which are normally applied in the United States (BHP Billiton, 2016b). Both the use and export of AOMN (Australian Obligated Nuclear Material) is controlled through the Government of Australia and this is done in strict manner. The AONM is sold to the NPT (Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) parties or when the same is subjected to a bilateral safeguards agreement. A new bilateral agreement is needed for the company to export the copper concentrate as the same contains uranium. Through this bilateral agreement, the uranium containing copper concentrate could be easily exported for processing in China by the company. The reason for an agreement is due to the surety, which has to be taken to show that the uranium which has been recovered has been subjected to the companys accounting and general requirements (BHP Billiton, 2011). BHP Billiton is a signatory to the Bali Agreement and hence, the company has entered into an agreement with others for raising awareness about the climate. This has been done by an international agreement which is in the line of the MARPOL Treaty, i.e., the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MOL, 2017). The company expects to create 50 million jobs and raise the trade by a value of $3 trillion, through the implementation of the same (Maher, 2014). References BHP Billiton. (2011) 27 Product Stewardship and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle. [Online] BHP Billiton. Available from: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/-/media/bhp/regulatory-information-media/copper/olympic-dam/0000/supplementary-eis-main-report/chapter-27-product-stewardship-and-the-nuclear-fuel-cycle.pdf [Accessed on: 22/04/17] BHP Billiton. (2016a) Annual Report 2016. [Online] BHP Billiton. Available from: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/investor-centre/annual-reporting-2016/annual-report [Accessed on: 22/04/17] BHP Billiton. (2016b) Integrity Resilience Growth Annual Report 2016. [Online] BHP Billiton. Available from: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/-/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2016/bhpbillitonannualreport2016_interactive.pdf?la=en [Accessed on: 22/04/17] BHP Billiton. (2017) About us. [Online] BHP Billiton. Available from: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/our-approach/our-company/about-us [Accessed on: 22/04/17] Business Review Australia. (2013) Australia's Largest Companies 2013. [Online] Business Review Australia. Available from: https://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/top10/1166/Australia%27s-Largest-Companies-2013 [Accessed on: 22/04/17] Business. (2017a) WHS/OHS acts, regulations and codes of practice. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/workplace-health-and-safety/whs-oh-and-s-acts-regulations-and-codes-of-practice [Accessed on: 22/04/17] Business. (2017b) Environmental legislation. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/environmental-management/environmental-legislation [Accessed on: 22/04/17] Chambers, R.H. (2013) An Overview of the Australian Legal Framework for Mining Projects in Australia. [Online] Chambers Company. Available from: https://www.chamberslawyers.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/10/060518-Presentation-Eng.pdf [Accessed on: 22/04/17] Dick, H., and Merrett, D. (2007) The Internationalisation Strategies of Small-country Firms: The Australian Experience of Globalisation. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 258- 262. Federal Register of Legislation. (2013) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 22/04/17] FTSE. (2015) BHP Billiton PLC (UK) and BHP Billiton Ltd (Australia): Demerger of South32 Ltd. [Online] FTSE. Available from: https://www.ftse.com/products/index-notices/home/getnotice/?id=1357423 [Accessed on: 22/04/17] IBIS. (2017) BHP Billiton Limited - Premium Company Report Australia. [Online] IBIS. Available from: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/australian-company-research-reports/mining/bhp-billiton-limited-company.html [Accessed on: 22/04/17] Maher, S. (2014) Bali trade treaty must be signed, says BHP Billiton chief executive Andrew Mackenzie. [Online] The Australian. Available from: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/bali-trade-treaty-must-be-signed-says-bhp-billiton-chief-executive-andrew-mackenzie/news-story/2b6fa58df7b77937a8065039aa66c837 [Accessed on: 22/04/17] Mining Global. (2015) 2015 Edition: Best Mining Companies to Work for in Australia. [Online] Mining Global. Available from: https://www.miningglobal.com/top10/1364/2015-Edition:-Best-Mining-Companies-to-Work-for-in-Australia [Accessed on: 22/04/17] MOL. (2017) MOL Teams up with BHP Billiton/DNV GL/Rio Tinto/SDARI/Woodside on Joint Study of LNG-fueled Capesize Bulker - Initiative on Environmental Protection Ahead of International Rules. [Online] MOL. Available from: https://www.mol.co.jp/en/pr/2017/17004.html [Accessed on: 22/04/17] Norman Disney Young. (2013) BHP Billiton Global Headquarters. [Online] Norman Disney Young. Available from: https://www.ndy.com/project/bhp-billiton-global-headquarters-171-collins-street-melbourne [Accessed on: 22/04/17] Thompson, P., and Macklin, R. (2010) The Big Fella: The Rise and Rise of BHP Billiton. Melbourne: Random House Australia.